Translation

1.我们从来没有像现在这样渴望上学。

2.既然你只能呆在家里，为什么不做你喜欢但又没时间做的事呢？

3.在欧洲，许多咖啡馆作为社会交往的理想场所，不得不关闭商店以应对公共卫生危机。

4.事实证明，当我们的国家面临困难时，每一个中国人，无论在国内还是国外，都愿意为祖国作出贡献。

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

It's natural to feel the need to control something when everything around you feels out of control, and you feel helpless. When a friend of mine first heard about the coronavirus outbreak, she got down on her hands and knees and cleaned her kitchen floor. She told me, “My floor wasn't even dirty, but doing something constructive made me feel in control and that I was holding on to my power, despite the desperate circumstances.”

Your most powerful weapon against uncertainty is your perspective because nobody and no situation can take that from you unless you give it away. Your perspective can victimize or empower you. When you look for the upside in a downside situation and figure out what you can control and what you can't, it's easier to accept whatever is beyond your control.

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

People like to post their selfies(自拍!on social media. To know more about it, scientists at Syracuse University in New York recently did a research and came up with some surprising findings.

People who post selfies and use editing software to make themselves look better show behaviors connected to narcissism, the researchers said. 1. Makana Chock, a professor from Syracuse University, said because social media is mostly used by people to share unimportant information about their lives, it is a good place for people to "work towards satisfying their own vanity.'' Those “likes" under their Facebook selfies make them feel good.

2. Some people feel "peer pressure" to post selfies and some follow the popular belief that if

there is no picture of an event or experience, it did not really happen. "Anyway, it shouldn't be seen as negative. People get sense of satisfaction especially when they get likes. And it does no harm," Chock said.

Other findings from the study include: There are no major differences on how often men and women post selfies and how often they use editing software. 3.

Chock said posting selfies on social media is not all that different from what people have done for many years. On trips and special events, our parents and grandparents used cameras instead of phones to take photos. They would bring back photos to show friends and family. You had no choice but to look at them. You probably commented about how nice everyone in the photos looked, especially children and the person showing the photos. They were happy to hear your comments. 4. On social media, however, people can decide not to look at photos --even if they click “like".

A.Taking selfies is definitely one experience that many people like doing and sharing with the online world.

B.People who post group selfies also show a need for popularity and a need to belong to a group.

C.Narcissists are people who think very highly of themselves, especially how they look.

D.That was the old way of "clicking like".

E.The drive to take selfies can nevertheless do some good to society as a whole.

F.But men who post selfies showed more of a need to be seen as popular than women did.

    A rare hole has opened up in the ozone layer above the Arctic, in what scientists say is the result of unusually low temperatures in the atmosphere above the north pole.

The hole, which has been (racked from space and the ground over the past few days, has reached record dimensions, but is not expected to pose any danger to humans unless it moves further south. If it extends further south overpopulated areas, such as southern Greenland, people would be at increased risk of sunburn.

However, on current trends the hole is expected to disappear altogether in a few weeks.

Low temperatures in the northern polar regions led to an unusual stable polar vortex（极地漩涡），and the presence of ozone-destroying chemicals such as chlorine（氯）in the atmosphere -- from human activities - caused the hole to form.

“The hole is principally a geophysical curiosity." said Vincent-Henri Peuch. director of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. "We monitored unusual dynamic（动态的）conditions, which drive the process of chemical depletion of ozone. Those dynamics allowed for lower temperatures and a more stable vortex than usual over the Arctic, which then triggered the formation of polar stratospheric（平流层的）clouds and the catalytic（催化的）destruction of ozone."

The hole is not related to the Covid-19 shutdowns that have dramatically cut air pollution and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. It is also too early to say whether the unusually stable Arctic polar vortex conditions are linked with the climate crisis, or part of normal stratospheric weather variability.

Peuch said there were no direct implications for the climate crisis. Temperatures in the region are already increasing, slowing the depletion of ozone, and the hole will start to recover as polar air mixes with ozone-rich air from lower latitudes. The last time similar conditions were observed was in spring 2011.

While a hole over the Arctic is a rare event, the much larger hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctic has been a major cause for concern for more than four decades. The production of ozone-depleting chemicals has been dramatically reduced, under the 1987 Montreal Protocol 蒙特利尔协议），but some sources appear still to be functioning—in 2018. unauthorized emissions were detected from some areas.

New sources of ozone-depleting chemicals were not a factor in the hole observed in the Arctic, said Peuch. "However, this is a reminder that one should not take the Montreal Protocol measures for granted, and that observations from the ground and from satellites are central to avoid a situation where the ozone-destroying chemical level in the stratosphere could increase again.''

1.What is the possible meaning of the underlined word "depletion"?

A.replacement B.consumption

C.increase D.production

2.According to the passage, scientists are concerned about the hole because .

A.it is expected to be a threat to the mankind

B.the new hole is caused by air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

C.it may encourage further scientific research and environmental awareness

D.it warns us of an oncoming climate crisis

3.What can be learned from the last two paragraphs?

A.The hole over the Arctic shares the same causes as the one over the Antarctic.

B.Human activities are highly responsible for producing ozone-destroying chemicals.

C.The Montreal Protocol has successfully prevented new emissions.

D.Some new illegal emissions are to blame for the hole over the Arctic.

4.The best title for the passage is probably .

A.Record-size Hole Opens in Ozone Layer above the Arctic

B.Actions Urgently Needed for a New Hole in Ozone Layer

C.Environmental Disaster and International Cooperation

D.How a Hole in Ozone Affects our Life on Earth

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Get 10% off all in-cinema food and drink. Plus get 10% off at Cineworld Starbucks licensed stores. First year card holders get 10% off. Whilst Premium card holders get 25% off Cine world’s in-cinema food and drinks including, all drinks, popcorn, nachos, hotdogs, ice cream, pick n mix and much more. Plus all card holders get 10% discounts at Cineworld Starbucks licensed stores. All you need to do is show your card at the counter and your discount will be applied.

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1.The cinema names its membership card “Unlimited” because __________.

A.one can have the benefits for good upon joining the membership

B.Cineworld members can enjoy as many 2D and 3D films as they like for free

C.it frees a member from any regular payment to the movie tickets at Cineworld

D.card holders can share limitless discounts and offers with friends and relatives

2.Which of the statement is TRUE according to the passage?

A.The benefits above are not available until the card is delivered.

B.Premium card holders can have 25% off at a licensed Starbucks.

C.Whoever persuades 6 friends into Unlimited can enjoy a half year of free membership.

D.A second year of investment is worthwhile if you are a cinema goer.

3.This passage is probably written to __________.

A.secure the loyalty of potential customers

B.introduce the latest movies and discounts

C.promote the popularity of Cineworld cinemas

D.give away movie cards to readers for free

    One spring day. once the flowers have begun to open, a bee will hover (盘旋)and zip through your yard and dive-bomb your picnic table. While you're thinking about avoiding an attack, that bee is focused on something else entirely: me.

A honeybee has about six weeks to live. Today, like most days, her task is to fly as many as three miles from home, stick her long, straw-like tongue into a hundred or so flowers. When the bee has had her fill, she'll fly home. There the bee will deposit what she has got into the mouth of one of her co-workers, who will relay it to another, and so on for about 20 minutes, until the mixture is ready to be placed into the comb. Then she and her 50.000 or so mates will hover in the dark all night every night, flapping their wings to create hot, breezy conditions to remove the water from the mixture. Several sunrises later, they will seal me off in a golden cell of beeswax. In her lifetime, our bee may visit 4.000 flowers, and yet will produce only one-twelfth of a tea spoon of me.

The average American consumes nearly a pound and a half of me every year, in tea, on toast, and beyond. If I do say so myself, I am a timeless treasure. Literally—I never go bad.

Unfortunately, my good health is not guaranteed. The problem lies in the growth of industrial agriculture and the use of pest control chemicals, as well as changes in weather patterns, all of which reduce the number of flowers bees have to visit. I'd appreciate your letting your own garden grow just a little wild. My future depends on all of us fostering spring and summers wild flowers, thus helping the bees, who give so much—to you, to me—without ever asking for anything in return.

1.What does "me" refer to in the passage?

A.The flower. B.The bee.

C.Water. D.Honey.

2.What is the 2nd paragraph mainly about?

A.Bees' special talent. B.Bees’ hard work.

C.Bees' living environment. D.Bees' social behavior.

3.Which one of the following is true according to the passage?

A.A bee will always prioritize attacking picnic lovers.

B.Before "me" is sealed off in beeswax, the drying process can take a few nights.

C.The lifework of a bee satisfies the average demand of an American consumer annually.

D.Bees are more likely to visit those deliberately pest-controlled gardens.

4.What is the purpose of the passage?

A.To appeal for help for honeybees.

B.To talk about the history of a treasure.

C.To put forward techniques for gardeners.

D.To argue against the control of chemicals.

    Making choices is hard. That would be why researcher Moran Cerf has _______ it from his life. As a rule, he always chooses the second menu item at a restaurant.

This is _______ by his research in neuroeconomics(神经经济学)(a somewhat new. divisive field) at Northwestern University. As Business Insider describes, Cerf has extended his ideas—which draw on some controversial ideas in psychology, including ego depletion out-into a piece of advice that, to _______ happiness, people should "build a life that requires _______ decisions by surrounding themselves with people who possess traits they prefer.

On an instinctive level, Cerf's idea _______: Many choices people make are the product of social pressures and the inputs of _______ people around them. One example Cerf furnishes is that. _______ consistently ordering the second menu item, he never picks where to eat. Rather, he _______ his decision to his dining partner—which friend he plans to eat with, probably one he trusts—and always lets them pick.

While it’s _______ what, if any scientific principles underlie those pieces of advice, there is no shortage of research showing that choices can sometimes feel more ________ than liberating. An example from Quanta poits (假设)：If you have a clear love of Snickers(士力架),choosing that over an Almond Joy(杏仁巧克力)or a Milky Way(牛奶巧克力)should be a ________. And, as an experiment conducted by neuroscientist Paul Glimcher at NYU shows most of the time it is, ________ you introduce more choices.

When the participants were offered three candy bars (Snickers, Milky Way, and Almond Joy) they had no problem picking their favorite, but when they were given the option of one among 20 including Snickers, they would sometimes drift away from their ________. When the choices were taken away in later trials, the participants would wonder what caused them to make such a bad decision.

As Quanta details, according to a model called “divisive normalization”(分裂归一化), which has gained some popularity, the way the brain encodes choices has a lot to do with how it values all its options. So if you have two things that are clearly ________ brain areas involved in decision-making fire in a pattern that makes the decision clear. When the choices are comparable, the brain docs its best to focus on the distinctions between the two, but more choices ________ that ability out.

1.A.relieved B.released C.eliminated D.liberated

2.A.influenced B.inherited C.implemented D.informed

3.A.maximize B.balance C.cherish D.seek

4.A.safer B.fewer C.better D.sounder

5.A.stands out B.comes into force C.makes sense D.plays a part

6.A.distinguished B.trusted C.authorized D.honored

7.A.in addition to B.instead of C.in spite of D.regardless of

8.A.conveys B.relates C.submits D.limits

9.A.evident B.unclear C.critical D.inevitable

10.A.confusing B.inspiring C.worrying D.appealing

11.A.stressor B.no-brainer C.challenge D.headache

12.A.after B.before C.when D.until

13.A.preference B.struggle C.status D.direction

14.A.impressive B.insignificant C.unique D.distinct

15.A.crowd B.figure C.sort D.put

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word: for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Plants Scream in the Face of Stress

For the first time, researchers appear to have evidence that like animals, those plants deprived of water or 1. (force) to endure bodily harm can let out their pain. The study, 2. has yet to be published in a scientific Journal, adds another dimension to scientists 3. (grow) understanding of how plants detect and interact with their surroundings.

In recent years, it has become very clear that plants are more sensitive than researchers 4. (think). They respond when touched by insects and turn toward sources of light. "Plants are not just robotic stimulus-response devices," said Frantisek Baluska of the University of Bonn in Germany. "They're living organisms which have their own problems/'

Actually making their suffering hearable, however, is another matter entirely. 5. (test) that possibility, a team led by Itzhak Khait, a plant scientist at Tel Aviv University in Israel, placed microphones capable of detecting ultrasonic frequencies (超声波频率)four inches from tomato and tobacco plants. The researcher then either stopped watering them or cut their stems.

Measuring in the range of 20 to 150 kilohertz (千赫).the researchers found that even happy, healthy plants made the occasional noise. But when cut, tobacco plants emitted 6. average of 15 sounds within an hour of being cut 7. tomato plants produced 25 sounds.

8. researchers aren't yet sure how plants produce these sounds, Khait and his colleagues proposed one possibility in their paper 9. as water travels through the plants' tubes, air bubbles will form and explode, producing small vibrations.

All this "screaming” caused by stress wasn't in a range detectable by human ears. But organisms that can hear ultrasonic frequencies—like mice, bats or perhaps other plants—10. possibly hear the plants cries from as far away as 15 feet.

你受学生会委托，为在校的美国交换生写一则通知。请他们来听一场由中国某著名乐队表演的音乐会，内容包括：

1. 音乐会时间、地点；

2. 音乐会内容；

3. 期待他们参加。

注意：1. 词数100左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（Λ），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

I'm Alex, a boy whom lives in Pakistan. My country has been on war for years. There are bomb blowing up as I am writing this email. Today is my sister's twenty birthday. I hope to buy big cake to celebrate his birthday but it is dangerous to go out to buy one. My uncles try all means to make me to stay at home. They worry about me because my dad died three years ago. These bad people is blowing up everything. There is no safe place to live in my country anymore. Everybody is terrifying. I wish we can all live in peace.

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

3D printing and virtual reality are cool, but when are we going to be able to clone ourselves? It'd be fantastic for1.（we）to send our clone off to school or work and sit back and do2.we really want to do. There have been important advances in cloning in the last several decades, leading to the3.（success）cloning of various animals. So far, however, there4.（be）no human clones.

In large part, cloning has been5.victim of pop culture to the degree that the general public has grand notions of what it will be like. There is no6.（possible）of cloning a grown version of ourselves in a matter of hours or days（like you see in the movies）.

7.（general）, we already have the tools to make cloning happen today; we just have some moral problems 8.（overcome）before the world won't raise major alarms at scientists cloning someone. That leaves the question 9.us then, the general public, do you think cloning is okay? Would you clone a lost loved one to bring them back, or if you found yourself unable to have kids, would you clone yourself? These are the questions we must answer first before we succeed in10.（create） human clones.

    In October 2015, Shah began picking up rubbish from the beach every Sunday morning. At first, it was just him and a neighbor, and then he began_________others to join in. Word spread and with help from social media, more volunteers got_________.

Shah hasn't stopped since. He's now spent 209 weekends_________to this mission, inspiring more than 200,000_________to join him in what's been called the world's biggest beach cleanup. By October 2018, Versova Beach was_________clean and Shah's cleanups expanded to another_________as well as a stretch of the Mithi River and other regions of India.

For Shah, the work has_________been a personal journey, but it has earned_________attention. After he was_________as a Champion of the Earth by the United Nations in 2016, Bollywood celebrities and politicians__________his mission and joined in his cleanups.

Today, Shah is also working with coastal communities to__________plastic pollution at one of the sources. In areas lacking waste management systems, __________often end（s）up in streams and rivers that empty into the__________. Shah and his volunteers__________and assist villagers in reducing, managing and recycling their plastic waste.

"This world__________too much. I think you must talk less and do action__________," he said. “Every citizen on this __________must be in for a long pull. I feel the__________to do something for my planet, so this will__________for life. If each one could start, this journey could become__________Can we do it together?”

1.A.asking B.ordering C.warning D.forcing

2.A.challenged B.encouraged C.involved D.required

3.A.compared B.adapted C.related D.devoted

4.A.workers B.volunteers C.journalists D.clerks

5.A.originally B.finally C.suddenly D.theoretically

6.A.park B.bank C.beach D.market

7.A.occasionally B.hardly C.already D.always

8.A.global B.local C.national D.coastal

9.A.described B.honored C.opposed D.elected

10.A.simplified B.changed C.accepted D.finished

11.A.make B.discuss C.throw D.handle

12.A.trees B.materials C.rubbish D.tools

13.A.ocean B.factory C.mountain D.forest

14.A.protect B.control C.scold D.educate

15.A.talks B.complains C.thinks D.argues

16.A.earlier B.faster C.more D.better

17.A.sea B.planet C.water D.sands

18.A.pity B.need C.pain D.effect

19.A.come on B.get on C.look on D.go on

20.A.great B.complex C.complete D.difficult

    To reduce the spread of the pandemic, Corona Virus, our honorable PM（首相）has announced nationwide lockdown and in his speech, he mentioned businesses to start working from home. For those who are working from home, dealing with this situation can be challenging.1.

1. Create a work area

Your first challenge is to pick a corner in the home and create a work-space that is ideal for work from home. Find a place that is away from the fridge and bed, so that there is nothing to tempt you.2.Sit on a proper desk and the right work chair to avoid any lingering back problems. You can make a large coffee table as a work desk. Keep the desk neat and tidy. Ensure that you have a background that looks professional in case there is a video call from colleagues.

2. 3.

Get your laptop, cell phone diary in the right place. If you are in a noisy home, search for your noise cancellation headphone. Use mouse for increased productivity. Find out who will take care of children as the schools are closed. If your spouse is also on work from home, decide the time slots. Organize the home.

3. Learn technologies

4.You can make use of Google Hangouts, Slack or other video tools for messaging. These tools can help you to communicate with your peers effectively. Certain apps can help you to organize the day. Speak to the IT department if you need any help in setting up the office.

4. Ensure that is special and private space

The key to success in work from home is to create a private area.5.For these reasons, it is important to set an office in the private area. If a private area is not possible for you, create a room divider using curtains to avoid the distractions from the home. Ensure that your family members respect your privacy especially when you are on audio and video calls.

A.Be organized

B.Ensure proper lighting is there

C.Here's how you can master it.

D.Find out the right furniture and ensure it is comfortable.

E.It is important to learn technology for smoother communication.

F.Distractions from family members can limit your productivity levels.

G.It is important to select that corner of the home where there is proper lighting.

    The time that cars could go completely driverless is coming "very soon", according to Jianxiong Xiao, CEO and founder of AutoX, a Shenzhen-based start-up developing autonomous driving technology.

Now, most regulations across various cities in China still require the presence of a safety driver in vehicles, but the company foresees that as more data gets captured over time, that requirement would be reduced, Xiao told CNBC's "Street Signs Asia" on Wednesday.

The autonomous driving tech firm chose to partner with Alibaba's AMAP—a Chinese mapping service provider—to roll out its RoboTaxi ride hailing service in Shanghai on Monday. AMAP is a "super mobility app" with almost 500 million active monthly users, according to Xiao.

AutoX had received support from Shanghai authorities to roll out a fleet of 100 autonomous ride-hailing cars in Shanghai's Jiading district in September last year.

Earlier this month, AutoX announced that it had set up an 80, 000 square feet RoboTaxi operations center in Shanghai to help facilitate(使容易)operations of its driverless fleet, as well as act as a center to collect data from daily operations.

Backed by investors such as Alibaba, Shanghai Motor and Dongfeng Motor, AutoX is one of the players in the trillion U. S. dollar Chinese autonomous driving vehicles market alongside others like DiDi Chuxing.

Xiao said they were working with the technology to ensure the vehicles were "very, very safe" and are carrying out a lot of testing.

Over a hundred vehicles have been arranged on roads daily to obtain enough data needed to validate the software and system, according to Xiao.

He added that the company was also running a hundred times more simulations(模拟)in the car every day, and the "huge amount of data" would help to prove that the vehicles could be used in "full safety".

"Our goal is not to just make(it)as safe as human beings, but going one step forward to really make…a superhuman safety standard; (cars)that(can)drive much safer than any human being ever, " Xiao said.

1.What will be most required to go driverless according to CEO of AutoX?

A.Traffic regulations. B.Driving technology.

C.Enough data. D.Mapping service.

2.What is the attitude of Shanghai authorities towards driverless technology?

A.Doubtful. B.Favorable.

C.Critical. D.Uncaring.

3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "validate" in paragraph 8?

A.test B.invent

C.develop D.design

4.Where does the passage probably come from?

A.A biography. B.An advertisement.

C.A textbook. D.A news report.

    World War II began when the UK and France declared war on Germany, after German troops led by Adolf Hitler had invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 to claim land there as their own. Hitler had already invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia, so the war began over his plan to take more land for Germany.

The Siege of Leningrad is a famous event during World War II. For 900 days—from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944—the city of Leningrad in Russia was surrounded by German troops. That meant everyone inside the city had to stay there, and that there wasn't any way for food or other sources like medicine to get in. Many hundreds of thousands of people died during this time because there wasn't enough food or heating to go around, but the people who lived in Leningrad refused to surrender to the Germans.

In 1940, the French port of Dunkirk was the location of a big turning point for the Allie：in World War II. Hitler's armies bombed Dunkirk heavily, and many Allied troops were waiting on the beach to be rescued because they didn't have the resources they needed to fight back. From 26 May to 4 June, over 550, 000 troops were ferried to safety across the English Channel-the code name for this was 'Operation Dynamo'. Some British civilians（people who weren't in the army）even used their own boats to help save as many people as they could. The rescue operation helped to boost morale（士气）in Britain, where they really needed some good news. This helped in going into the next major event in World War II, the Battle of Britain.

June 6,1944 is also known as D-Day. On that day, the Allied forces launched a huge invasion of land that Adolf Hitler's Nazi troops had taken over. It all began with boats and boats full of Allied troops landing on beaches in the French region of Normandy. They broke through the German defences and carried on fighting them back through Europe for the next 11 months until they reached Berlin, where Hitler was then hiding.

1.What led to the outbreak of the second World War?

A.UK and France's declaring war on Germany.

B.German troops' invading Poland in 1939.

C.Hiter's starting an attack on Austria.

D.Hiter's plan for occupying more land.

2.What can be known from the Siege of Leningrad according to the passage?

A.This event lasted about two and a half years.

B.German troops cut all the supplies to Leningrad.

C.Many people were killed by German soldiers.

D.Leningrad was finally occupied by Germans.

3.Which event was the closest to the end of WWII?

A.The Siege of Leningrad. B.Operation Dynamo.

C.The Battle of Britain. D.The D-day Landings.

4.What can be a suitable title for the passage?

A.Causes of WWⅡ. B.Hitler's Invasion.

C.Great Wars in WWⅡ. D.War and Peace.

    Donald Kennedy would probably be amused by an old friend's tribute（颂词）to him as “very close to being a Renaissance man.”

It's hard to argue with the facts. The 8 years he served as editor-in-chief of Science was only the final chapter in a long and very exceptional career. He spent most of it at Stanford University, including 12 years as its president, interrupted by a 2-year head of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration under former President Jimmy Carter. But the Harvard University-trained neurobiologist wore those and other honors lightly, driven by a greedy curiosity about the world and a wish to help make it a better place.

Kennedy, who died on 21 April of COVID-19 at age 88, enjoyed his role as a scientist, educator, public servant, and communicator, recalls Tom Grumbly, who was his assistant at FDA. "A brilliant, funny, very special person," says Grumbly, who leads a foundation that claims increased support for agricultural research. "He could talk on any level to people about science, without placing himself above them. And he could stand shoulder to shoulder with the best scientists in the world.”

The combination of a towering intellect and a genuine concern for the individual served Kennedy well at Science. "He was a wonderful partner at the American Association for the Advancement of Science（AAAS）," says Alan Leshner, a former longtime chief executive at AAAS, which publishes Science. "He contributed his wisdom about science and public policy to our efforts on behalf of the community.”

As editor from 2000 to 2008, Kennedy led the journal through some high-profile（备受瞩目）controversies and quickly produced editorials（社论）on all matters affecting its readers. And it wasn't his nature to step backward.

In that 2008 editorial, Kennedy offered advice to Alberts, his successor, on editing a scientific journal. But it could also stand as an epitaph（墓志铭）on his long career in the public stage.

"Be as fair as you can, sympathize with anger, confess institutional error when appropriate, and be firm," Kennedy wrote. "And when the disappointed complain to members of the AAAS Board, remember to smile!"

1.What do we know about Kennedy from the first three paragraphs?

A.He worked at Stanford University after serving in Science.

B.He had a strong desire to make the world work for better.

C.He led a foundation to strongly support agricultural research.

D.He respected ordinary people but looked down on scientists.

2.What did Kennedy intend to tell Alberts in his advice?

A.Working for Science is not as easy.

B.Seeing the editorial work as a career.

C.Holding truth firm with a broad mind.

D.Remembering to smile while working.

3.Which of the following can best describe Kennedy?

A.Curious and funny. B.Amusing and greedy.

C.Crazy and controversial. D.Intellectual and caring.

4.What is the writer's purpose of writing this passage?

A.To honor Kennedy. B.To introduce a celebrity.

C.To remind us of Science. D.To tell a life story.

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With this package, you’ll go on the Discover Nashville Tour where you’ll see the highlights of the city like historic downtown, the state capital, the Parthenon, and so much more. Also included is a Grand Ole Opry show and the General Jackson Evening Dinner Cruise. This package is the perfect one for your family！

Package Includes

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Grand Ole Opry Package

With this package, you can visit the Grand Ole Opry, and see the General Jackson Showboat Dinner Cruise.

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Package Includes

— 2 Nights’ Lodging in your choice of over 84 hotels.

— Standard Chauffeur 1-4 Passengers

— General Jackson Showboat Dinner Cruise

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Starting at $313 per adult*

1.What is included in the package Best of Nashville TN Vacation?

A.Choosing 84 hotels to stay in.

B.Learning about history of cities.

C.Enjoying a dinner with Jackson.

D.Asking for a personal driver with you.

2.Which vacation package will you choose if you want to spend least?

A.Best of Nashville TN Vacation.

B.Grand Ole Opry Package.

C.Gaylord Opryland Resort Country Christmas.

D.Nashville Romantic Getaway Package.

3.What service do these four packages have in common?

A.You can visit Grand Ole Opry show.

B.You can take a boat to travel around.

C.Children could be charged for nothing.

D.Many hotels are offered to choose from.

假定你是李华，在英国伦敦大学学习,你校汉语俱乐部欲招收成员。请你写个招聘启事。内容包括：

1.报名条件；

2.活动内容；

3.联系方式（邮箱 Chineselover@yahoo, com） .

注意：1.词数100左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Notice

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chinese Club

University of London

假如英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下面划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1，每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．只允许修改 10 处，多者（从第 11 处起）不计分。

My uncle set up a small business in our city four years ago. He is known as using iron from old cars to make beautifully art pieces. Last summer vacation, I visit him and he showed to me many of his works. Some are larger pieces looked like animals and humans, and others are smaller pieces you can put at home. He often encourages me to be creative like himself. The art tells people the important of environmental protection. What’s more, it shows that even irons can be brought back to life with little creativity.

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

“Leave a place better than you found it.” is a simple philosophy that I hold dear. I led 20 volunteers  to  help  clean  up  the  Great  Wall  in  April.  Tile  Great  Wall  is  one  of  the 1. (great)structures in the world. Everyone has a responsibility to protect it.

I first went to China to visit the Great Wall in 1986. Since 1990, I 2. (stay)in China with my family, 3. (spend)more than 2,700 days on the Great Wall. I have written several books on the subject, and also fronted documentaries.

I am credited with arousing China’s 4. (nation) consciousness to protect the Great Wall and its environment and I have held several exhibitions. 5. (protect) the Great Wall and assume the role 6. its international ambassador, I got permanent residency（居住权） in China. I live in a village below the Great Wall.

It’s a good thing that people are going out to enjoy 7. (they) and to discover tire great heritage and history, but 8. is also quite dangerous if they don’t understand 9. fragile the environment is. Every person can make a 10. (different). If we can get everybody to protect the environment, the world will be more green, beautiful and healthy.

    Last week, a thing occurred in the classroom of a 4th-grade at Chino Valley Unified School.

It was Autism（自闭症）Awareness Month and every _______ had been asked to have each student _______ a paper puzzle piece and hang it on their classroom doors. When Ms. Lisa Moe _______ the puzzle pieces, most of her students were familiar with the _______ of autism and they were _______ of the reason for doing so. However, they did not know autism was _______ within their own classroom in their _______ classmate: Jackie.

With _______, Jackie raised his hand and said, " May I please say something?" Moe nodded but never could she have imagined what was to _______

She explained in a blog post:"Jackie has ________ challenges and barriers beyond what any of us will ever be able to fully ________. But today, he stood in the front of the classroom with full ________ and showed us that no challenge or barrier can ________. He brought to life the meaning of ‘Yes, I Can ’!"

Both the teacher and students were hanging on his every word. For a(n)________ time, Moe never thought of getting out her phone to ________ this moment, but finally she ________ it. Without any of the students knowing, she recorded the ________ moments of Jackie’s, along with the ________ of the other students as they raised their hands to ask questions.

Jackie's  mother was ________ by the video and told Moe," Watching Jackie so bravely speak about autism is beyond what I can ________ express. Thank you!”

1.A.school B.family C.classroom D.court

2.A.decorate B.still C.wind D.cast

3.A.handed in B.handed out C.handed over D.handed up

4.A.views B.thoughts C.belief D.idea

5.A.capable B.afraid C.guilty D.aware

6.A.shy B.present C.hidden D.clear

7.A.fellow B.new C.humorous D.single

8.A.disappointment B.surprise C.excitement D.anxiety

9.A.tolerate B.spread C.construct D.follow

10.A.created B.doubted C.faced D.launched

11.A.express B.complete C.understand D.explain

12.A.ambition B.confidence C.strength D.power

13.A.hold him back B.give him up C.set him apart D.keep him away

14.A.certain B.long C.instant D.rapid

15.A.remember B.sculpture C.recall D.shoot

16.A.realized B.reminded C.put D.got

17.A.beginning B.unexpected C.unfortunate D.final

18.A.suggestions B.responses C.reactions D.applauds

19.A.scared B.thrilled C.shocked D.ashamed

20.A.properly B.patiently C.carefully D.attentively

    Vitamin D is necessary for bone-building, immune function, blood sugar control, positive mood and more. 1. The lower your vitamin D level is, the higher your risk of death from ally cause will be. However, it’s not a great idea to just take a supplement (补品) off the drugstore shelf and start taking it.

Since many of us have an inadequate amount vitamin D, also known as the “sunshine vitamin”, doctors will often give us high levels of D supplements, with doses ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 IU (International Units) per day, up to 50,000 IU per week and sometimes even more. 2. Very big doses ( 剂量) of vitamin D can cause a build-up of calcium ( 钙) in the blood, which leads to poor appetite, weakness, weight loss or other diseases. Here’s the bigger issue: 3. A build-up of stored vitamin D cart cause avoidable problems, leading to problems such as kidney stones.

4. The National Institutes of Health set the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D at 600 IU daily for babies, children, and adults up to 70 years old. Adults aged 71 and older need 800 IU, since the ability to absorb vitamin D drops with age. Because the fat cells take vitamin D up, making it less available for use by tile body, 5.

Though you’ll get a bit of vitamin D from foods—including fatty fish, beef liver, cheese, milk and so on—the amounts are so small that there’s little need to worry that they’ll put you over the daily dose.

A.It can help prevent many diseases.

B.We can actually reduce the risk of death.

C.people who are fat may also need more vitamin

D.any extra intake of vitamin D can get stored in the body.

E.But like all good things, it’s possible to get too much of it.

F.The average daily recommended amounts vary based on your age.

G.Vitamin D should be supplemented carefully despite its importance.

    A global group of scientists have reduced the time it takes to find and introduce disease-resistance genes from wild plants into domestic crops such as rice, wheat and potato, a research revealed on Tuesday.

Scientists from the John Innes Center in Britain, along with colleagues from Australia and the United States, have created a database known as AgRenSeq, where researchers can easily search for resistance genes already discovered in wild relatives of modern crops.

The study was co-authored by a global expert Professor HarbansBariana from the University of Sydney, who said that this technology will support the discovery and characterization of new sources of disease resistance in plants. Once researchers have identified resistance genes using AgRenSeq, they can clone them and introduce them to domestic crops to protect against diseases and pests,

“We have found a way to scan the genome(基因组)of a wild relative of a crop plant and pick out the resistance genes we need and we can do it in record time,” Dr. Brande Wulff, a project leader from the John Innes Centre, said.

“This used to be a process that took l0 Or 15 years and was like searching for a needle in a haystack(干草堆),” Wulff said. “We have perfected the method so that we can clone these genes in a matter of months and for just thousands of dollars instead of millions.”

The team are highly optimistic about their work, predicting it to be utilized in protecting many crops with wild relatives including soybeans, pea, cotton, potato, wheat, rice, banana and cocoa. “Using speed cloning and speed breeding we could deliver resistance genes into the best varieties within a couple of years, like a phoenix(凤凰) rising from the ashes,” Wulff added.

1.How have the researchers developed the resistance genes?

A.By reducing the research time.

B.By introducing them to wild plants.

C.By cloning them from domestic crops.

D.By getting resistance genes from wild plants.

2.What will be the use of the study in the future?

A.It will protect crops from being damaged by pests.

B.It will create a database for researchers to search.

C.It will protect domestic crops for 10 to 15 years.

D.It will contribute to reducing the wild plants.

3.Which of the following best explains “utilized” underlined in Paragraph 6?

A.Produced. B.Made.

C.Used. D.Studied.

4.What can we infer from what Brande Wulff said?

A.The resistance genes cost millions of dollars.

B.The resistance genes were found in a haystack.

C.It took the researchers ten years to find the resistance genes.

D.Disease-resistance genes will be put into practice soon.

    Arthur Phillip High School, located in Parramatta, New South Wales (NSW), Australia, will be NSW’s first public high-rise high school. When it opens, the school will be different from anything else we’ve got across the system.

Students will eat lunch in courtyards overlooking city rooftops, before continuing their lessons in sound-proofed music rooms, science labs or atriums ( 中 庭 ) with eight metre-high ceilings. The specialty rooms, such as science labs, will be on the top floors. There will be large lifts, but students will be encouraged to use the stairs. There will be a gym, a play ground and play space on each floor.

The building will be run more like an office block than a traditional school, with a plant room used for the operation of the sprinklers（洒水装置）, air conditioning and elevator systems. In addition, people will be seen cleaning the windows while students are studying.

“We’re going to have to get kids used to that,” said Sylvia Corish, an executive director of school performance for the NSW Department of Education. “That’s going to be a unique experience.”

“This  is  a  very  different  concept,”  said  the  chief  executive  of  School  Infrastructure  NSW, Anthony Manning. “While it has been challenging at times, the end product is going to be really amazing and impressive.”

“I am very surprised and happy to see how creative this learning space will be for students in the Parramatta region for years to come,” Education Minister Sarah Mitchell said.

The Herald visited the new high school, as construction of the ambitious project enters its final phase and students at the original school across the road prepare to begin testing its state-of-the-art facilities. In the next few months, students and teachers will visit the school to help ensure a smooth transition （过渡）. “It will be a matter of testing how people can move around the building,” Mr Manning said.

1.How’s the school in appearance?

A.It looks like an office building. B.It is like a traditional school.

C.It’s surrounded by green plants. D.It consists of different buildings.

2.How did Sarah Mitchel feel about the new school?

A.Amazed and impressed. B.Surprised and doubtful.

C.Delighted and astonished. D.Happy and satisfied.

3.Which might be a challenge?

A.Moving the original school from across the road.

B.Getting the students accustomed to the new situation.

C.Providing the students with more space for studying.

D.Encouraging the students to use the stairs instead of the lift.

4.What’s the best title for the passage?

A.NSW’s First Public High-rise High School

B.A New School that Overlook City Roofs

C.The Construction and System of a New School

D.A Unique Experience for High School Students

    Probably one of the most popular topics in science-fiction of all times has been the idea of time traveling. We know and love such films as H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine, H. P. Lovecraft ’s The Shadow Out of Time as well as a great number of films and TV shows: Back to the Future, The Butterfly Effect. These, as well as many others, are dedicated mostly to one question: how can an individual affect or even change their entire life in the present by making even slight corrections, in their own past?

When I was a child, I often dreamed about a special pocket device that would allow me to “save” certain moments of my life. In that case, if I failed to do something, I could always “load” my life. I imagined all the things I could do if I had such power : jumping from very tall buildings without a parachute ( and “loading” at the last second) and taking up other risky occupations.

Sometimes, I would like to jump into a time machine, go back to a couple of years ago, and make many corrections. I would warn myself about the consequences of my most reckless (不顾后果的) decisions. I would talk to that long-haired teen holding his first cigarette and tell him, “Don't do that — years will pass until you finally manage to quit it. ” There are so many warnings I would give to myself that sometimes I think: was it really I who did this and that?

Having a time machine is an amazingly attractive idea. It seems that having one would make life so much easier! Perhaps, it is true. But what I think more often now is that living without it teaches us responsibility. I try to live each day at the maximum in order to regret nothing. This is actually what our parents always try to do when we are children. But you know what? I am glad that no time machine has been invented.

1.What's the writer's main purpose of writing Paragraph 1?

A.To introduce some famous movies.

B.To raise a question about time travel.

C.To show those movies are very popular.

D.To show the scenes in movies might become true.

2.What does the writer try to convey in this article?

A.Unpractical dreams can never be realized.

B.What happened in the past can't be changed.

C.The idea of the time machine is really a creative invention.

D.Being responsible for the present is better than regretting.

3.What's the writer's attitude toward the invention of the time machine?

A.Objective. B.Supportive.

C.Negative. D.Indifferent.

    Teens love to socialize, and these websites give them a chance to do that while  playing games, exploring  virtual(虚拟的) worlds and taking quizzes(测试). Of course, teens also need to be safe online and report any cyber bullies(网络欺凌)

Instagram

Instagram allows teens to upload photos of their daily life and share them friends. They say that a picture is worth a thousand words, and that must be true because Instagram has around 300 million users who are active each month. The platform is all about photos with short captions( 说明文字). When it comes to Instagram's users, 53 percent of them are aged 18-29, but most may be even younger and simply list their age as 18 in order to use the platform.

Habbo Hotel

Habbo Hotel is a place for teens to chat. Each teen receives a personal room to decorate with virtual objects. They can also dress their avatar(网络头像) in virtual clothes or create games to play with friends. The room might have music, be set up like a classroom, or have other features so different avatars can visit one another. Each room teens can interact in has an adult moderator (tt H m) to make sure it stays safe.

Fanlala

Fanlala is a social network that gives teens who love celebrities, music and TV shows a place to interact. Through it, a user can get the latest news and gossip on their favorite shows, as well as take quizzes to test their knowledge. Teens can set up their own profile(t*)on Fanlala and interact with other users.

Teen Chat

Teen Chat is a place for teens to interact with one another through forums(论坛)according to their interests. For example, there are chat rooms for those who love anime(4082)and for those who’ve just started college. There are also chat rooms for things like music, games, and sports. The platform offers a"Friend Finder"tool that will help teens search for people who live locally to them.

1.What makes Instagram different from other sites listed in the text?

A.It's a great place for people to share photos

B.The majority of its users are in their 20s

C.It has the largest number of users

D.Only those above 18 normally use it.

2.Which site allows its users to create their own character and design a virtual room for it?

A.Instagram B.Habbo Hotel.

C.Fanlala. D.Teen Chat.

3.What can you gain from Fanlala'?

A.Game skills. B.Sports knowledge.

C.Anime videos. D.entertainment news.

4.What would be the best title for the text?

A.Tips on online chatting B.Sites for socializing

C.Free chat rooms for everyone. D.How to fight cyber bullying

请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

Yuan Longping, 90, known as the “father of hybrid rice”，plays a crucial role in helping China achieve food security. Every morning what he does first is go to the field and works as a “farmer”. When asked how much his shirt was, he told the reporter that it was 35 yuan.

Deng Jiaxian, the Founding Father of China’s A-Bomb and H-Bomb, was the founder and promoter of China’s nuclear weapon cause. However, it was not until he died that his parents and many of his friends realized that he had produced such extraordinary achievements.

Li Junxian, without whom it would have been impossible for us to send the rocket into space, is one of the academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In 2018, this 90-year-old party member, donated 3 million yuan to set up the Doctor Innovation Fund and the Hardship Assistance Fund.

（写作内容）

1. 用约30个词概括上述信息的主要内容；

2. 分析上述国家功臣身上有哪些值得我们学习的优良品质；

3. 谈谈其中某一品质对你的启发，并举例说明。

（写作要求）

1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3. 不必写标题。

（评分标准）

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。

The Cost of Thinking

Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.

The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.

The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It’s even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search of food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.

Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.

Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.

We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.

    Old problem，new approaches

While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.

When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no ‘one­size fits all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.

Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not­for­profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.

Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.

Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.

In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life­giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”．

More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.

Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.

1.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________．

A.adaptation is an ever­changing process

B.the cost of adaptation varies with time

C.global warming affects adaptation forms

D.adaptation to climate change is challenging

2.What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?

A.The project receives government support.

B.Different organizations work with each other.

C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation.

D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.

3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?

A.Storing ice for future use.

B.Protecting the glaciers from melting.

C.Changing the irrigation time.

D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers.

4.What do we learn from the Peru example?

A.White paint is usually safe for buildings.

B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped.

C.This country is heating up too quickly.

D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.

5.According to the author, polluting industries should ________．

A.adapt to carbon pollution

B.plant highly profitable crops

C.leave carbon emission alone

D.fight against carbon pollution

6.What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?

A.Setting up a new standard.

B.Reducing carbon emission.

C.Adapting to climate change.

D.Monitoring polluting industries.

    Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?

It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.

The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业), with negative consequences for their economies.

Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.

In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.

Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.

1.Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________.

A.a lack of confidence in technology

B.a slow progress in technology

C.a conflict of public opinions

D.a waste of limited resources

2.The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.

A.take people’s essential needs into account

B.make their programmes attractive to people

C.ensure that each child gets financial support

D.provide more affordable internet facilities

3.What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?

A.Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.

B.Believing that the world has become borderless.

C.Ignoring the power of economic development.

D.Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.

4.What can we learn from the passage?

A.People should be encouraged to make more donations.

B.Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.

C.Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.

D.Economic policies should follow technological trends.