假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有 10 处语言错误，每句最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个 漏字符号（∧），并在其下面。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\） 划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线， 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：每处错误及其修改均仅限一词，只允许修改 10 处，多者（从第 11 处起）不计分。

On terms of living standards, some households lied in the remote regions still have a low income and live in poverty, whom are hungry for a happy life. The government is taking measure to change their lives. First, make sure all the children should be educated because education is of great important. Second, the government is making efforts improve the development of economy great. Whatever difficult the task may be, we won’t lose heart.

In a conclusion, our dream will come true as long as they work together.

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Many students may feel1.(stress) because of their parents. Most parents have good intentions, 2.some of them aren't very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in3.(adjust) to college, and a few of then seem to go out of their way to add to their children’s4.(difficult).

For one thing, parents are often not aware of the kinds of problems their children face. They don't realize that the5.(compete) is stronger, that the required standards of work are6.(high), and that their children may not be prepared for7.change. They may be upset by their children’s poor grade.

At their kindest, they may 8.(gentle) ask why John or Mary isn't doing better. Whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on. At their worst, they may threaten 9.(take) their children out of college or cut off living expenses.

Sometimes parents think it night and natural that they determine 10.their children do with their lives. They forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way.

A woman professor was giving a lesson to her students on ________ management. As she raised a glass of water, everyone in the class _______ they would be asked the “half-empty or half-full” question.________, that was not the case. With a smile on her face, she asked the students, “How much do you think this glass of water weighs?”

Answers called out _______ from eight to twenty ounces (盎司).

She quieted the students down and then replied, “The absolute weight doesn’t ________. But it counts how long you hold it. If I hold it for a minute, it is OK. If I hold it for an hour, I will have an ache in my ________. If I hold it for a day, my arm will feel numb. In each case, the ________ of the glass of water doesn’t change, but the ________ I hold it, the heavier it becomes. Why?”

Lost in ______, all the students kept silent and listened to the professor carefully.

“Our stresses and ________ in life are like that glass of water. If we ________ our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will feel exhausted, even unable to ________.”

________ you have to do is put all your burdens down, as _______ in the evening as possible. Don’t carry them through the evening into the night; by doing this, we can get ________ next morning and are ________ to move forward. More often than not, life gets terrible when we ________ too much. And the moment you ________ your burdens, you’ll find yourself feeling so much more relaxed.

So rather than being upset and feeling ________ for yourself, start doing something about it. After all, life is too short to ________ yourself to anything that is not making you happy.

1.A. class    B. emotion    C. time    D. stress

2.A. wondered    B. expected    C. agreed    D. argued

3.A. However    B. Meanwhile    C. Anyhow    D. Therefore

4.A. replied    B. ranged    C. read    D. exchanged

5.A. exist    B. change    C. matter    D. increase

6.A. head    B. leg    C. arm    D. stomach

7.A. weight    B. position    C. shape    D. size

8.A. better    B. longer    C. further    D. deeper

9.A. fantasy    B. dreams    C. thought    D. discussion

10.A. doubts    B. joys    C. surprises    D. worries

11.A. carry    B. show    C. hide    D. cover

12.A. break off    B. work out    C. pick up    D. carry on

13.A. Something    B. Nothing    C. All    D. Anything

14.A. eagerly    B. early    C. quickly    D. naturally

15.A. depressed    B. entertained    C. refreshed    D. amazed

16.A. ambitious    B. able    C. passive    D. anxious

17.A. think    B. fear    C. rest    D. get

18.A. catch up with    B. look down on    C. 1et go of    D. put up with

19.A. sorry    B. happy    C. disappointed    D. greedy

20.A. help    B. treat    C. drive    D. abandon

How to keep yourself safe from new virus?

After a new-type coronavirus was detected in viral pneumonia cases in Central China's Wuhan city three months ago, more cases have been reported in recent days. 1.:

1. Wear masks outdoors

●Wearing a mask is one of the most effective ways to protect you from getting infected.

●Make sure to wear it properly by tightening up the nose clip and pulling the bottom of it over your chin.

●2., a mask is also needed to prevent you from spreading germs to others.

2. Cover your coughs and sneeze with tissue

Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, or you can cough or sneeze into your sleeve, but avoid covering with your hands directly.

3. 3.

Wash your hands with soap and running water thoroughly for at least 15 seconds.

● Before eating and after using the toilet

● After returning home

● After touching trash or garbage

● After contacting with animals or handling animal wastes

4. Strengthen your immune system and exercise regularly

● Exercise regularly is one of the most important ways to help you stay away from catching any infections.

● Make sure that shared spaces have good air flow and avoid going to crowded places such as hospitals, railway stations and airports. 4.

● Seek prompt medical attention if you have symptoms of fever and respiratory infection.

● Avoid close contact with people who have flu or cold-like symptoms.

●5.. Avoid contact with wild animals or farmed livestock without any protection.

A.If your hands are not visibly dirty

B.Eat thoroughly cooked meat and eggs

C.Wash your hands frequently and properly

D.Protect yourself and others from getting sick

E.Wear a mask if transport or movement is necessary

F.If you’re not feeling well or have symptoms of fever

G.To prevent catching the infection, here’s what you can do

    Education officials and industry experts are debating the future of online learning. The discussion is important because hundreds of universities in the United States have recently moved classes online because of the spread of the novel coronavirus（冠状病毒）.

For Asha Choksi, the rise of Internet-based or online study programs has led to major improvements in higher education. “It’s actually given a lot more power to students in terms of how, when and where they learn,” the head of research for Pearson Education said.

Classes meet online through video conferencing. In this way, students are able to communicate with each other and their professors even when they are far away from school. However, recent research suggests the majority of college students and professors prefer in-person instruction, because they are concerned that companies supervising（监管）online learning programs are not clear about the policies the schools have.

“Students see in-class lectures as opportunities to engage with instructors, peers, and content.” the researchers wrote. In-person learning is especially important in fields like healthcare and teaching. Online education can never really take its place, said Stephanie Hall, a fellow with the independent policy research group The Century Foundation. “Students need to experience...what they’re learning about, reading about or hearing about in the classroom. And I don’t know yet the degree to which technology can facilitate that.”

“When schools make agreements with online program managers to run their online programs, they often do not make important information available to students,” Hall said. This includes how much control the company has over the design of the program or whether the teacher leading the classes was involved in their design. In addition, many colleges and universities advertise online programs as a low cost opportunity for students. But in some cases, students attending in-person classes get financial aid and online students do not.

1.What does Choksi think of the online study programs?

A.They offer students more choices in study.

B.They reform the country’s education system.

C.They provide advanced scientific knowledge.

D.They promote the development of technology.

2.According to most college students and professors, what’s the advantage of in-person learning?

A.It is convenient.

B.It costs less to study.

C.It can better meet school policies.

D.It can improve students’ communication skills.

3.What does the underlined word “facilitate” probably mean in paragraph 4?

A.change B.apply

C.achieve D.control

4.What is Hall’s attitude towards online education?

A.Hopeful. B.Critical.

C.Uncaring. D.Neutral.

    Mother’s Day is a time of memory and celebration for Mom. The earliest Mother’s Day celebrations date back to ancient Greece in honour of Rhea, the Mother of Gods. During the 1600s, England celebrated a day called “mothering Sunday”. Celebrated on the fourth Sunday of Lent(四旬斋)，“mothering Sunday” honoured the mothers England.

During the time many of the England’s poor worked as servants for the wealthy.AS most jobs were located far from their homes, the servants would live at the houses of their employers. On Mothering Sunday, the servants would have the day off and were encouraged to return home and spend the day with their mothers. A special cake, called the mothering cake, was often brought along.

As Christianity(基督教) spread throughout Europe, the celebration changed to honour the “Mother Church”---the spiritual power that gave  them life and protected them from harm. Over time the church festival combined with mothering Sunday celebration. People began honouring their mothers as well as the church.

In the United States Mother’s Day was first suggested in 1872 by Julia Ward Howe as a day devoted to peace. Then in 1907 Ana Jarvis, from Philadelphia, began a campaign(运动) to establish a national Mother’s Day. Ms Jarvis persuaded her mother’s church in Grafton, Virginia to celebrate  Mother’s Day on the second anniversary of her mother’s death, the 2nd day Sunday of May. By the next year Mother’s Day was also celebrated in Philadelphia.

Ms Jarvis and her supporters began to write to ministers, businessmen, and politicians demanding to establish a national Mother’s Day. It was successful as by 1911 Mother’s Day was celebrated in almost every state. President Woodrow Wilson, in 1914, made the official announcement that Mother’s Day was a national holiday and it was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May.

While many countries of the world celebrate their own Mother’s Day at different times throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium which also celebrate Mother’s Day on the 2nd Sunday of May.

1.What is the author’s purpose in writing the first paragraph?

A.To raise questions. B.To introduce the topic.

C.To interest readers. D.To solve problems.

2.The earliest Mother’s Day was celebrated to___________.

A.mark the birth of Greece B.prepare for the autumn harvest

C.honour the Mother of Gods D.honour the mothers of England

3.The fourth and fifth paragraphs mainly talk about___________.

A.the feast of Mother’s Day in the U.S.

B.the origin of Mother’s Day in the U.S.

C.the development of Mother’s Day in the U.S.

D.the celebration of Mother’s Day in the U.S.

4.The passage is intended to______________.

A.give readers some information B.persuade readers

C.report a story D.amuse readers

    If you could have one superpower, what would it be?

Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.

Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.

They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.

We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now?

Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.

1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Your life style. B.Your life value.

C.Your trouble in life. D.Your life experience.

2.Why does the author say they are inspired every day?

A.They possess different kinds of superpowers.

B.They have got the power to change the world.

C.Some people around them are making the world better.

D.There are many powerful people in their life and work.

3.What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?

A.Learning more and contributing more to a cause.

B.Rising above self and acting to help others.

C.Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.

D.Trying your best to help the poor.

4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A.The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.

B.Much more progress will be made in the near future.

C.The work on health is the most valuable experience.

D.People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.

    There’s no substitute for taking an English course in a high quality language school in an English-speaking country. ESL-lounge Student has partnered with some of the best language schools in the UK. Choose a school from below. We can offer discounts on English courses!

Burlington School, London

Burlington School is located in Parsons Green, 15 minutes by underground from the centre of London. Our standard of teaching is high, with course in General and Specialist English. The coffee bar is open all day serving freshly--cooked meals, and the school organizes a range of social activities to complement (补充) the classes. Students live either in homestays or in one of our hostels.

See Burlington School courses and save 10%.

University of Liverpool, English Language Centre

You can have confidence in the University of Liverpool, which is ranked in the top 10% of higher education institutions worldwide. While studying here, you will benefit from modern and dynamic English teaching methods in small classes of fewer than 16 students.

See University of Liverpool courses and save 12%.

Interactive English School, Brighton

We are a small friendly school. Being a small school means we can cater for your individual needs more easily than larger schools can. All of our teachers are native speakers, qualified and experienced. Our prices are very affordable and start from £60 per week for full-time courses of 20 lessons.

See Interactive English School courses and save 7%.

New School of English, Cambridge

The New School of English is located in the beautiful city of Cambridge. The school is open all year and provides a range of English courses for adults from all over the world (minimum age 16). These courses cover General English as well as courses for professional looking to focus on specific topic areas. They have a range of accommodation choices for students.

See New School of English courses and save 5%.

1.What can we know about Burlington School?

A.It is open all year. B.It is located in London.

C.It provides no accommodation. D.It offers no social practice classes.

2.How is New School of English different from the others?

A.It sets a strict age limit.

B.Its accommodation is optional.

C.Its teachers are qualified and experienced.

D.It offers General and Specialist English courses.

3.Who would be interested in the schools?

A.English professors. B.Native English speakers.

C.Foreign English learners. D.Staff of ESL-lounge Student.

假定你是李华，你们班的英国交换生Candy在汉语水平考试（HSK）口语测试中发挥失常，未能拿到二级口语证书。她很沮丧，请你写封邮件安慰她，要点如下：

1. 表示理解并肯定其付出的努力；

2. 帮助其分析失利原因；

3. 鼓励其继续为目标奋斗。

注意：

1. 词数100 左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

3. 开头和结尾已为你写好。

Dear Candy,

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：

1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

We all agree that we should recycle less — at home, in the office or when out and about. But for material to be actually recycled, they first need to find their way to the right waste stream so that they can be then collected and taken to the right place for recycling. This is what the process of sorting allows us to do it.

For effective recycling we need effectively sorting — and this needs to happen first, in our own home and second, in dedicated sorting plants to that waste collected from our doorstep and collecting points is taken. When you put a plastic bottle in the right recycling bag and bin, you are helped sort recyclable waste so that the right material can be fed into the right recycling process. Unless sorting does not happen, a lot of recyclable materials can end up in landfills or be burned, with valuable resources lose from our economy. Sorting at home is first step towards recycling.

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), first conducted in 2000, 1.(be) an international assessment hosted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) which measures 15-year-old students’ reading, mathematics, and science literacy every three years. The latest 2018 PISA found 2. 15-year-olds in Beijing, Shanghai and the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang (B-S-J-Z) ranked No.1 in all three core subjects.

3. were followed by students from Singapore and China’s two special administrative regions — Macao and Hong Kong. The top OECD countries were Estonia, Canada, Finland and Ireland.

The OECD's PISA 2018 4. (test) around 600,000 15-year-old students in 79 countries and regions on reading, science, and mathematics. The main focus was on reading, with most students doing the test on computers.

In B-S-J-Z, socio-economically 5.(advantage) students outperformed disadvantaged students in reading 6. 82 score points in PISA 2018. This is not 7. (significant) different from the average difference between the two groups (89 score points) across OECD countries.

School principals in B-S-J-Z reported more staff 8.(short) and less material deficiency than the OECD average.

In almost every education system, girls expressed greater fear of failure than boys, and this gender gap was considerably 9.(wide)amongst top-performing students.

In B-S-J-Z, students spent 31.8 hours in the classroom on average, 10. (rank) fourth among all 79 countries and regions. The learning efficiency of students in B-S-J-Z ranked 44th, 46th and 54th for reading, math and science, respectively, and the students' satisfaction about learning only ranked 61st.

    The term “the imaginary audience” was invented by American child psychologist David Elkind in 1967. It is defined as a psychological state in an adolescent, _______ by the belief that people around are eagerly watching or listening to him or her. This is because _______ are aware of the physical changes _______ in their bodies. And they are _______ concerned with how everyone is _______ these changes.

The _______ of the imaginary audience are common. Teens would repeatedly change their clothes to look _______ to others. Or they would follow different ongoing _______ that may help them fit into society. If wearing checkered shirts and jeans is the current fashion, teens would_______ like that just to give a good ____________ on their imaginary audiences. Teens also worry about the ____________ mistakes they make in social settings. A blackhead could make an adolescent girl ____________ all day as she feels that she is being watched and ____________. ____________, in reality, there are only a small percentage of people who are actually interested in how somebody else ____________.

Though “the imaginary audience” is considered to be a ____________, it is a natural process in which an adolescent tries to develop a better understanding of his or her ____________ with the world. As an individual's perception (理解) of the world ____________, he or she will gain more ____________ viewpoints on his or her roles among people, rather than imaginary ones. Thus, the effects of imaginary audiences will gradually ____________.

1.A.misled B.held C.driven D.represented

2.A.adults B.teenagers C.elders D.professors

3.A.occurring B.fighting C.hiding D.meeting

4.A.suddenly B.gradually C.strongly D.randomly

5.A.viewing B.facing C.accepting D.making

6.A.causes B.requirements C.examples D.results

7.A.elegant B.plain C.sweet D.smart

8.A.events B.trends C.tips D.principles

9.A.dress B.behave C.talk D.live

10.A.comment B.assessment C.impression D.instruction

11.A.strangest B.biggest C.fastest D.slightest

12.A.wonder B.relax C.sweat D.laugh

13.A.judged B.refused C.attracted D.reported

14.A.Therefore B.However C.Moreover D.Instead

15.A.sounds B.feels C.smells D.looks

16.A.disorder B.relief C.pity D.blessing

17.A.competition B.association C.comparison D.satisfaction

18.A.reduces B.shows C.works D.matures

19.A.narrow B.permanent C.realistic D.personal

20.A.run out B.fade away C.set in D.come back

    A new device is helping those who are blind to see. It does this in a new way by helping them experience the world around them. The technology is called Orion, manufactured by a company called Second Sight. 1. From being able to see absolutely nothing to suddenly seeing little flickers of light, the blind can move around alone, telling where a doorway is and where the sidewalk begins or ends.

2. One is a small device placed in the brain. There is also a video camera on sunglasses and a processing device carried in a person’s clothes. When the user points the camera, a signal goes to the processor and then back to the glasses. The glasses then communicate wirelessly with the device in the brain. The information causes a pattern to develop in the part of the brain called the visual cortex (皮质). 3. And it all happens in seconds.

Jason Esterhuizen is one of just two people in the U.S. testing this technology. He lost his eyesight after a car accident. He never thought he would be able to see light or movement again. But with the movement of a switch, his world suddenly grows brighter. 4.For example, it is easier and safer for him to cross the road because he can look down and just follow the white line that's painted on the road.

Researchers believe that one day this technology could benefit people who have lost their vision because of illnesses like glaucoma (青光眼) or diabetes. 5.

A.It may also help those with poor vision or who were born blind.

B.The new technology generally uses several parts.

C.He is amazed to have the functional vision again.

D.It is meant to help these people regain some independence.

E.He can do everyday activities that he once could not.

F.In this way, users detect movements and shapes of light.

G.It basically performs the functions of what the eye normally does.

    From talking robots to driverless vehicles, technology has become so advanced that the previously impossible seems to occur on a daily basis. And yet-we still have no cure for the common cold.

Why can't we stop the common cold? According to Peter Barlow, a scientist at Edinburgh Napier University, the main challenge lies in the many different types of cold viruses that belong to the rhinoviruses(鼻病毒). There are at least 160 types.They mutate(突变) so easily that they quickly become resistant to drugs, or learn to hide from our immune systems. In other words, a single cure isn't likely to work on every type of cold.

However, researchers from Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco, have found a possible answer. They discovered a protein(蛋白质) that the viruses need. All the viruses were unable to replicate(复制) inside cells without a gene that produces a specific protein called SETD3.

To identify the gene which produces the specific protein, researchers used a gene-editing technique to test all genes in the human genome (基因组). Namely, they randomly disabled a single gene in each of the cells, so that the cells lacked one or another of every gene in our genome. These genetically modified cells were then exposed to the rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold. The team then looked at which gene was missing in cells that continued to grow. As it turned out, the one that stood out was SETD3, which makes a protein of the same name.

Carette said the plan is to find a drug which can temporarily disable the protein, instead of producing genetically modified humans. “We have identified a fantastic target that all rhinoviruses require and depend on. Take that away and the virus really has no chance,” said Carette.

1.Which does Peter Barlow think is a problem for fighting the common cold?

A.The poor immunity of patients. B.The large variety of viruses.

C.The lack of enough cures. D.The side effects of drugs.

2.What do we know about the gene-editing study in Paragraph 4?

A.All genetically modified cells survived B.Some genes in our genome were ignored

C.It located the gene responsible for SETD3 D.It exposed the harm of the rhinoviruses.

3.How should we stay away from the common cold according to Carette?

A.Apply gene-editing to human genes B.Avoid contacts with colds patients

C.Prevent cold viruses from mutating D.Develop a drug to switch off SETD3

4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A.Potential defense found for cold viruses B.Secrets behind the human genes

C.Real causes of the common cold D.Puzzles over rhinoviruses solved

    Connie Monroe clicks a button, turns her wrist and watches as her neighborhood floods. The reed-covered shorelines are first to go. Then, the baseball fields at Fleming Park. By the time seawater reaches the senior center, it has covered streets, flooding more than a dozen complexes that she can see.

Monroe moves her head up and down, side to side, taking in the simulated (模拟的) view. This is what could happen to Turner Station, a historic African American community, as sea levels rise.

“Everything’s underwater. The school is underwater. Our house is underwater,” Monroe says. A frown (皱眉) forms below the virtual reality headset. “Is the water really supposed to get that high?”

Climate change presents many challenges to coastal communities, but one of the most worrisome problems is: how do you show people — and convince them — of a possible future?

“It’s one thing to hear or read the news that sea levels could rise as high as 7 feet in Maryland by the end of the century under worst-case situations, but it’s another to imagine what that will look like in your own backyard,” says Jackie Specht, the coastal science program manager. “And if it’s hard to imagine, it’s hard to face and prioritize.”

Communicating the realness and immediacy of the climate threat is important to climate researchers and those aiming to prevent its causes. But it’s also paramount to communities faced with coming changes that are already unavoidable.

Climate projects need public support and input. That’s why Monroe and other residents at this recent community meeting are being directed to sit in metal chairs, put on virtual reality headsets and watch their homes flood.

Virtual reality is an immersive (沉浸式的) experience that can trick the human brain into thinking it’s real. But tricking people is not the goal of the sea level rise simulation being used at Turner Station, says Juliano Calil, one of the program’s developers.

The goal, he says, “is to help folks visualize the impacts of climate change and the solutions, and also discuss the trade-off between them.”

1.What would you see in Turner Station as sea levels rise?

A.Shorelines covered by reeds. B.Baseball fields used as parks.

C.Streets blocked with bricks. D.Buildings drowned in water.

2.What does Jackie Specht suggest in Paragraph 5?

A.People are relatively safer in their backyards.

B.People don’t feel on the scene through the news.

C.The severity of disaster is beyond imagination.

D.The sea level is bound to rise 7 feet in Maryland.

3.Why is the virtual reality experience provided in the community meeting?

A.To prove climate threat. B.To seek public backing.

C.To help scientific research. D.To introduce VR technology.

4.Which of the following best explains the underlined words “the trade-off” in the last paragraph?

A.The balance. B.The conflict.

C.The business. D.The similarity.

    A girl, who made headlines around the world when she survived almost two weeks alone in the Siberian wilderness, has won a Russian children’s beauty contest for her bravery. Karina Chikitova, who clung (抱着) on to her loyal puppy, fought to stay alive in a forest full of brown bears and wolves. The promising ballerina celebrates her 10th birthday on Boxing Day and has already won the Mini Miss Yakutia contest.

In August 2014 she was found after a dozen days and nights lost in the remote taiga, sleeping on a bed of long grass and eating wild berries to stay alive. Karina had followed her father into the woods but he had no idea she was trailing him. Then just four years old, she hugged her puppy Naida for warmth in the shivering (颤抖的) cold before the dog found its way home to a remote village, urging rescuers not to give up, and to go and find the little girl.

Karina’s trial was seen as so remarkable that a statue was erected (竖起) of her and the dog in regional capital Yakutsk. A popular children’s book was also written about her, and her fame as a Mowgli seems to have led this remote village girl to amazing new opportunities. Karina was “excited” after she easily won the Mini Miss contest in a social media poll for her rare experience when she was little, making her a young ambassador for Yakutia, Russia’s diamond region, the coldest inhabited place in the world. She is seen as a promising ballerina, already studying full time in Yakutsk, some 350 miles from her home.

“I want to become a ballerina and dance Swan Lake,” she said. “I have also learned how to play the piano.” Bilingual Karina is doing well at school, where she has a talent for maths, and is learning English to add to her fluent Yakut and Russian. When she was found, her rescuer said: “She was sitting deep in grass, completely silent. I didn’t actually notice her. She saw me and stretched her arms forward. I picked her up. She was dead scared.” Later Karina said: “It was Naida who rescued me. I was really scared. But when we were going to sleep I hugged her, and together we were warm.”

1.How did the girl get lost in the wildness?

A.She traced her father there but he was not aware of it.

B.She was forgotten there by her careless father.

C.She followed her little dog and lost the way.

D.She loved running around and got lost.

2.Why did the girl win the Children’s beauty contest?

A.Her exceptional talent in ballet dancing.

B.Her whole-hearted devotion to academic performance.

C.Her inspiring survival in the wildness.

D.Her impressive charm and prettiness.

3.What can we infer from Paragraph 3?

A.Karina was highly thought of by the public.

B.A best-seller became Karina’s favorite.

C.A statue was built in honor of Karina’s hometown.

D.A handsome amount of money was awarded to Karina.

4.Which words can best describe this girl?

A.Courageous and hesitant. B.Confident and honest.

C.Arrogant and fortunate. D.Diligent and ambitious.

    Christmas may be the time of year for giving and spending time with loved ones, but not everyone feels an overwhelming sense of joy when festivities begin. Thousands of Reddit users have revealed the things they hate about Christmas.

PETER: It causes a heavy financial burden.

“Having to spend a substantial (大量的、实质的) amount of money on family members. I have to buy gifts for my grandparents, my parents, my siblings, my wife’s parents and her siblings, the dogs...and one cousin, because we do Secret Santa amongst the cousins. I love Christmas, but it costs me too much!”

MCCAIN: Exams ruin everything.

“In the UK we have our exams in January so that your Christmas holiday can be used to study. I didn’t have an enjoyable break until I finished university.”

SUSAN: Awkward family gatherings.

“Having everyone point out that I’m still single at family gatherings as if I’m unaware.”

JANET: Choosing presents.

“I don’t really want items anymore, so I don’t expect anything on Christmas, but I am expected to give gifts, but I usually just don’t know what to give.”

ELIZABATH: Shopping hell.

“I hate the way people act when shopping for Christmas. It’s almost like Black Friday every weekend at the big stores.”

JACKSON: Feeling like you have to buy presents.

“The pressure of buying gifts. Can’t we just enjoy each other’s company without comparing who bought the better stuff?”

Mr Green: Christmas jingles.

“I pretty much can’t stand most Christmas music.”

Prof Smith: It’s too commercial.

“The commercialization of it. Even as an atheist (无神论者), I think the Christ part has been taken out of it.”

Dr Martin: Putting up decorations too early.

“People put up Christmas decorations way before Christmas.”

CAROL: The office Christmas party.

“My office Christmas party. We have to pay to go and it’s so boring. Saying that you don’t want to attend is like pulling teeth.”

1.Who is possibly forced into a marriage?

A.Dr. Martin. B.JACKSON.

C.SUSAN. D.PETER.

2.What do JACKSON and JANET have in common?

A.They hate to spend much money on Christmas gifts.

B.They have to give gifts to everyone in the family.

C.They are happy to compare gifts while purchasing.

D.They are faced with the problems caused by gift giving.

3.What do we know from the passage?

A.Exams follow the Christmas holiday in Britain.

B.Christmas music makes too much noise.

C.People are clear about what Christmas gifts to buy.

D.Colleagues enjoy their office Christmas parties a lot.

假定你是李华，你从某网站上得知北京机场招募为境外人员检测的志愿者。请你根据以下要点 写一封自荐信。

1、表达意愿。 2、自荐理由。 3、恳请获准。

注意：1、字数100字左右。

2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文流畅。

参考词汇：新冠病毒novel coronavirus

Dear the leaders of Beijing airport,

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语 言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧）,并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

When I was young, I used to spend lots of time watch TV. Whenever I got home, all I wanted to do were to turn on the TV. My parents were disappointing with me and didn't allow me to watch TV, so I quarreled to them frequently at that time. Not until a class party I realize I was wrong. At that party each student has to give a performance. All of my classmate had something to perform it except me. I ended up telling a joke at the party, what really embarrassed me. Since then I've attended various classes, such as guitar and dancing. Now, I'm glad I've learned something meaningfully and made many friends.

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

New cars sold in Europe after May 2022 will be required to have 1. variety of new safety technologies. New safety rules from the European Union will require new cars to have ''intelligent speed assistance" systems as standard equipment. Besides, all cars will be fitted with breathalyzers （呼吸分析器）2. won't allow driving if the driver has drunk too much alcohol. 3.（help） avoid accidents, cars must also have 4.（advance） systems to monitor the driver's attention levels.

Around 25,000 people 5.（kill） each year on Europe's roads, and most accidents are caused by human error. The European Commission has announced the new rules recently, 6.（say）intelligent speed limiters alone can 7.（effective） reduce road deaths.

There has been a mixed reaction to the new safety technologies. The European Union said the technologies would make driving much 8.（safe）. It said, “With the new technologies, we can have the same kind of impact （影响）as when safety belts were first introduced. "It added the new safety technologies could save up to 10,500 lives and avoid up to 60, 000 serious 9.（injury） by the year 2030. But many drivers are unhappy with the technologies. They thought 10. would be more dangerous to employ them, since driving requires human judgment.

    Growing up, we are constantly reminded that young people are the most affected by technology. We prefer to __ our friends in the same room rather than make eye-contact with them. We ___using heart-eye emojis （表情符号）to tell someone we fancy them, _____ spelling it out. Numerous studies show us our social media _______ However, we should at least consider that it's not only us young ones any more.

There's a rise of mothers, who like to ______ pictures sharing their babies, lifestyles and feelings _____the way. While many teenagers are slowly leaving Facebook, our parents see it as a ______ to keep up with the society.

Parents' technology addiction is ____ affecting their children's behavior. 40% of mothers and 32% of fathers have ____ having phone addiction. This has led to a ____ fall in verbal interactions within families and even a ____ in mothers encouraging their children. People tend to switch their attention away from those around them to ____ their phones instead.

There is no denying that I get ____ when I receive “I'll be with you __ from a parent. All I want to do is ask one question, __ waiting until my father puts down his phone has become a ____ . We _ your children - know how addictive it can be and how difficult it is to _____ Maybe you should lead by __ and consider how much time you spend on the phone as well as how this is ____ your children and your relationship with them. Maybe in this way we can __ our addiction together.

1.A.seek B.meet C.choose D.text

2.A.favor B.advise C.practise D.avoid

3.A.apart from B.regardless of C.thanks to D.instead of

4.A.addition B.addiction C.trips D.tips

5.A.select B.find C.post D.develop

6.A.along B.in C.on D.by

7.A.appointment B.book C.home D.platform

8.A.negatively B.eventually C.immediately D.hardly

9.A.denied B.admitted C.allowed D.suggested

10.A.significant B.necessary C.new D.special

11.A.hope B.fault C.change D.decline

12.A.lock B.hide C.check D.repair

13.A.upset B.delighted C.skeptical D.annoyed

14.A.punctually B.shortly C.frequently D.formally

15.A.though B.but C.because D.or

16.A.root B.process C.practice D.service

17.A.add up B.switch off C.cheer up D.calm down

18.A.dream B.nature C.example D.technology

19.A.impacting B.infecting C.promoting D.impressing

20.A.pick up B.make up C.deal with D.gain from

    During your first year in the workforce, you can expect to have a huge learning curve-not just about the details of your job, but about broader issues of how to manage your career and operate successfully in an office. How do you deal with difficult co-workers? Figure out if you're paid fairly? Understand what HR's difficult memos mean?

You'll keep mastering work skills throughout your career, 1.

2. It's pretty common to be intimidated （使失去信心）by company higher-ups or industry experts when you're just starting out in your career. But if you let yourself stay intimidated, it will keep you from forming relationships and that can hold you back professionally.

How to run a meeting. If you lose control of your meetings, let conversation go in any direction and don't start or finish on time, people will quickly begin to be afraid of attending any meetings you're running. 3., be willing to redirect the conversation when needed, take your starting and ending times seriously and make sure everyone is clear on next steps before you wrap up（圆满完成）.

What you're good at and what you're not so good at. 4. But if you've been working for most of your 20s, by the end of then you should have the information about what you're better at than others, what you're much better at than others, what you want to work on improving in and what you should probably avoid altogether.

Your reputation matters. Your reputation is what will let you avoid bad jobs and bad bosses and what will give you a safety net when you need to leave a job quickly or find a new one across the country. 5. and you should go above and beyond to build a reputation for excelling

A.How to talk to people much more senior than you

B.How to have a difficult conversation

C.Early in your career, it's normal not to know where you shine and where you don't

D.but here are some key things that you should know about work by the time you're 30

E.Instead, always have an agenda, be clear about what results you're aiming for

F.Usually that means being assertive（坚定而 自 信的）but not aggressive, calmly explaining the issue and being direct about what you need

G.That means you shouldn't leave a job without notifying your boss

    It's said that in China millions of legal cases are now being decided by "internet courts" that do not require citizens to appear in court.

The "smart court" includes non-human judges powered by artificial intelligence, or AI. People seeking legal action can register their case on the internet. They can then take part in a digital court hearing. The system gives users the chance to communicate and receive court decisions by text or through major messaging services. Users completed more than 3.1 million legal activities through the court system from March to October in 2019, China's official Xinhua news agency reported.

China's first internet court was established in the eastern city of Hangzhou in 2017. Hangzhou is a center for major Chinese technology companies. Judicial officials recently invited reporters to the Hangzhou Internet Court to see how it operates. In one demonstration, citizens used video messaging to communicate with virtual, Al-powered judges.

"Does the defendant have any objection to the nature of the judicial block-chain （区块链） evidence submitted by the plaintiff 原告）?” a virtual judge asked during a pre-trial meeting. The non-human judge was represented in the system by an image of a man wearing a black robe. "No objection," the human plaintiff answered.

A Hangzhou court official told China's state-run CGTN television that the internet court system operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. It is designed to ease the workload of humans and improve the speed and effectiveness of the legal process. Court officials say that even though virtual judges are used, human judges observe the process and can make major rulings.

The internet court in Hangzhou only deals with cases involving legal disputes over digital matters. These include internet trade issues, copyright cases and disputes over online product sales. Digital court cases in China have seen a sharp increase in recent years, as the number of mobile payments and internet-based businesses has grown. The growth is tied to China's huge number of internet users --- about 850 million.

After establishing the court in Hangzhou, China launched similar operations in the cities of Beijing and Guangzhou.

1.What can we infer about the internet court?

A.Human judges have played little role in the internet court.

B.Citizens can only place their cases on file on weekdays.

C.It will become a helper for the court system.

D.It has enjoyed great popularity all over China.

2.How do people seeking legal action get court decisions according to Paragraph 2 ?

A.By Al-powered judges. B.By receiving text messages.

C.By attending a court hearing. D.By registering the cases on the internet.

3.Why are there more digital court cases in China now?

A.Because there is a growing tendency in internet-based businesses.

B.Because it is efficient to deal with cases in the internet court.

C.Because legal disputes can only be handled in the internet court.

D.Because China has the perfect digital court system.

4.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A.The Future of the China's Justice. B.The Future Master of The Internet Court.

C.The Growth of Digital Court Cases. D.The Rise of China's "Internet Courts5.

    This is what's known as a 'Buddy' or Friendship Bench'. They're needed because playgrounds can be lonely places sometimes. And these benches can help pupils feeling lonely to find a friend. Benches like this have been around for a while now in many schools. But in Ireland, they are trying to do something a bit different with them.

This school in Cork in the south of Ireland is the 247th to get one from a social enterprise called Buddy Bench Ireland that doesn't just provide schools with benches, it also runs special workshops with trained child psychiatrists（精神病专家）.They use the bench as an opportunity to start conversations about mental well-being. They talk about the importance of being aware of your feelings and those of others. The children need to understand what the bench is about, what it symbolizes--- friendship, inclusion, listening to each other and the most important thing, that it's important to express feelings.

But do children actually use the bench? It's something an independent academic study has been looking at. We found that 40% of the children told us that they had actually used the benches at the time of the study. And over 90% said that they would talk to a child if that child was sitting on the bench. So, certainly there doesn't appear to be any issues around stigma. Children's mental health at school is increasingly a concern in many countries. In Ireland, they're hoping these benches will not only tackle issues like social isolation and bullying but also give a future generation the confidence to open up about their feelings.

1.Why the school in Cork in the south of Ireland uses the bench?

A.To start conversations about mental well-being.

B.To replace the old benches in school.

C.To cut the cost of school's facility.

D.To help children with psychological problems fully recover.

2.What makes the bench work in Ireland schools?

A.Teachers and parents encourage children to try it.

B.Most children are willing to express feelings.

C.All the children understand what the bench is about.

D.The bench helps children get rid of loneliness.

3.What do schools expect of the bench?

A.It will deal with social isolation and bullying completely.

B.It will motivate a future generation to bravely convey their feelings.

C.It will make children prefer the bench to old one.

D.It will spread in most schools in Ireland soon.

4.Where is the text most likely from?

A.A fiction B.A guidebook

C.A diary D.A magazine

    In Sao Paulo, a baby boy is smiling, unaware that a court is deciding his fate. If it finds in his father's favor, he is in all kinds of trouble. There may be a law in Brazil against giving your child a name that might cause him to be laughed at, but daddy wants to call his son Osama bin Laden. The same father, Osvaldo Oliveria Soares, has a habit of trying to use babies as political statements. Nine years ago, he was banned from naming a previous son Saddam Hussein.

Unlike Brazil, there is no law Britain that constrains a parent's right to name their child. "It's not for the officials to say if someone has picked a name they don't think is suitable," says Alison Cathcart, superintendent official at Westminster register office. "But if someone is from a different culture and wants to register a name that sounds like a swear word in English then we do advise them of that."

"Naming does matter," says Helen Petrie, a professor at the City University of London. "We have fixed beliefs of what sort of people are behind certain names. There are studies of teachers in primary schools in the US that show they rate children with certain names as less capable."

"The name is the first thing we find out when we meet someone. If you call your child an unusual silly name like Fifi Trixibelle, as did Bob Geldof and Paula Yates, it can make life hard for your child — especially if you want him to be smart and are not in the least bit superficial"

There's also the class factor. “Fifty years ago there was no cross-over of names between classes. Now everyone can buy Tatler and see the name Tarquin," says Petrie. "Until the 60s, Tracey was a fashionable Chelsea name. Now it has a terrible image fixed in people's mind. I've interviewed some Traceys who find their name a huge burden. However high up they may be in their profession, people hear their name and think they're the cleaner."

1.The Brazilian court may rule against Osvaldo Olveria Soares if he ______.

A.states that he admires Osama bin Laden B.gives his son a name that will be laughed at

C.uses his babies as political statements D.keeps his habit of interfering in politics

2.What does the underlined word “constrain” in the passage most likely mean?

A.abolish B.acknowledge

C.defend D.restrict

3.As it is indicated in the third paragraph, the teacher rate some children as less capable because ______.

A.the students do not perform well in class

B.they do not love those children's name

C.they think a name can reveal one' ability

D.they understand the psychology of naming

4.What do we learn about the names?

A.A person named Fifi is usually silly.

B.Paula Yates is a name which sounds superficial.

C.Tatler is a name of low grade.

D.Tracey is still a fashionable Chelsea name.

Barbie Room at the Hilton Hotel in Buenos Aires

The doll most loved by many and treasured by kids, Barbie, comes to life in this room as she brings about recall of childhood memories. Feeling like a princess yourself living in a giant dollhouse, mix and match clothes and shoes and make your Barbie fashion statement,

Underwater Room at the Talay Karon Beach Resort in Thailand

As if you're in a submarine, be attracted by the beauty of the sea in this splendid underwater room. Look outside and see a world full of sea creatures and water adventure. Find out how it feels to sleep in the middle and the bottom of the sea.

SpongeBob Room at the Nickelodeon Hotel in Orlando

Kids and adults alike laugh at the funny sound and sense of Spongebob. You will feel like playing in the cartoon film. Meanwhile, you will have the one of a kind opportunity to share a room with all his friends, Patrick, Bob and Mr. Krabs and kids will enjoy plenty of games to play.

Flintstones Room at the Melia Hotel in Spain

Have an unforgettable and enjoyable holiday, ideal for both children and parents, in this hotel located in Spain. The Flintstones is a classic and it will be wonderful to be surrounded with Dinosaurs!

Harry Potter Room at The Georgian House in London

Cleverly made by imaginative hotel owners, they have brought to life Hogwarts in this elegant room. Here you belong in the wizard world and must be lost in its magic!

1.When you are at the Hilton Hotel, you will ______ .

A.experience sleeping in the middle of the sea

B.experience a life in Hogwarts like Harry Potter

C.meet your princess or prince in your mind

D.see the beautiful Barbie in the dollhouse

2.If you want to see some sea creatures, you are advised to visit ______.

A.room Underwater Talay Karon Beach Resort

B.Harry Potter Room at The Georgian House

C.Flintstnes Room at the Melia Hotel

D.Room SpongeBob Nickelodeon Hotel

3.What is Spongebob?

A.The name of a famous ship.

B.The name of a captain of a ship.

C.The name of a character in a cartoon film.

D.The name of the owner of Nicklodeon Hotel.

    “Please put your phone down Daddy, we haven’t finished the story!” Hearing these heartfelt words from my four-year-old daughter was an uncomfortable wake-up call. How had I let the shiny electronic box in my hand take so much of my attention that it could even interrupt a short bedtime story with my precious children?

It’s no exaggeration to suggest that our mobile devices are in danger of taking over our entire lives. Time magazine found that 68% of users take their devices to bed with them, 20% check their phones every ten minutes and one third report feeling anxious when briefly separated from their beloved gadget. According to Osterman research, 79% of respondents take their work-related device on vacation and 33% admit to hiding from family and friends in order to check Facebook and Twitter. It’s hard to deny that these are worrying trends.

（写作内容）

1.用大约30字概括上文和图表的主要内容；

2.结合上述信息，用大约120字论述：

(1)科技的发展是否意味着人们生活更幸福。（选择“是”或“否”并论述你的观点）

(2)你认为在生活中应当如何处理人和科技的关系。

（写作要求）

1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；

2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3.不必写标题。

（评分标准）

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

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请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。

Reputation of the corporate kind is a ''strategic asset(资产) '' that can be employed to gain ''competitive advantage'', a ''safety buffer(缓冲) '' that can be called upon to protect you against ''negative news''.

The Reputation Institute has offices in 30 countries. Plenty of other organizations offer firms advice on improving their reputations, such as Perception Partners in the United States or specialized divisions within many big consultancies. And a rapidly growing number of consultancies, like Reputation Defender, give people advice on managing their reputations online. For example, they offer tips on how to push positive items up the Google ranking and neutralize(抵消)negative ones.

It's easy to see why so many bosses are such eager consumers of this kind of advice. The market value of companies is increasingly determined by the things you cannot touch: their brands and their intellectual capital, for example, rather than their factories or fleets of trucks. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can turn on a company in an instant and accuse it of racism or crimes against the environment. Customers can trash its products on Twitter. Corporate giants such as Toyota and BP have seen their reputations collapse in the blink of an eye.

Nevertheless, there're three objections to the reputation-management industry. The first is that it conflates(混合)many different things-from the quality of a company's products to its relationship with NGOs-into a single notion of ''reputation''. It also seems to be divided between public-relations specialists (who want to put the best possible information on the news) and corporate-social-responsibility types (who want the company to improve the world and be thanked for it).

The second objection is that the industry depends on a naive(天真的)view of the power of reputation: that companies with positive reputations will find it easier to attract customers and survive crises. It's not hard to think of counter-examples. Tobacco companies make vast profits despite their awful reputations. Everybody strongly criticizes Ryanair for its bad service and the Daily Mail for its mean-spirited journalism. But both firms are highly successful.

The biggest problem with the reputation industry, however, is that the way to deal with potential threats to your reputation is to work harder at managing your reputation. The opposite is more likely: the best strategy may be to think less about managing your reputation and concentrate more on producing the best products and services you can. Many successful companies, such as Amazon, Costco Southwest Airlines and Zappos, have been notable for their intense focus on their businesses, not for their fancy marketing. If you do your job well, customers will say nice things about you and your products.

    On his deathbed in 1638 John Harvard gave away half of his estate, about £800 and his library of some 400 books to a new college in present-day Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard's founders decided to name their new university after its first big benefactor.

About 370 years ago the first Harvard scholarship to help ''some poor scholars'' was set up thanks to £100 donated by Ann Radcliffe. The university continues to be the beneficiary of generous donors. Last year, John Paulson, an investor, donated $400m to Harvard's engineering school, its largest gift ever. Last year it raised more than $1 billion. Some of its graduates think this ought to be sufficient to cancel tuition fees.

Among them are Ralph Nader, a veteran political activist, and Ron Unz, author of a number of searing articles on American meritocracy(英才管理). Both are hoping to win election to the university's board of overseers, from which they want to make Harvard free for all students to attend, and also pressure its admissions office to make data on how it chooses which students to admit known to the public.

America's universities raised a record $40.3 billion last year, according to the Council for Aid to Education. Donations are not usually used to lower tuition fees, but they can be used to provide scholarships and financial aid to students who cannot afford to pay (70% of students at Harvard get some assistance with fees and living costs).

Some lawmakers are wondering whether threats to change the tax-free status of donations might be used to persuade colleges to bring down the cost of tuition, which has increased by 220% in real terms since 1980. Nexus Research and Policy Centre says colleges receive $80 billion in support from state and local governments every year, which ought to give politicians some leverage(影响) in return.

In January Tom Reed, a Republican congressman from New York, proposed a bill requiring donations of more than $1 billion to allocate 25% for financial aid. Two congressional committees, the Senate Finance Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee, have sent letters to the heads of the colleges with the biggest donations asking about spending, conflicts of interest and fee arrangements. The 56 largest private university donations have to explain how they use their tax-free investment earnings.

The colleges have their defenders. ''Most of these places are providing a fair amount of financial aid for students well beyond the poverty line, '' says Kim Rueben of the Tax Policy Centre. Kevin Weinman, Amherst's chief financial officer, says his university's donation offers $90m to the college's budget, $30m more than tuition, room board and various fees combined. This school year, it will spend $50,000 per student funding financial aid, pay faculty and fund student activities. After Congress last examined the topic in 2007, more colleges began to award grants instead of loans. Financial aid has doubled over the past decade. Rhode Island also make voluntary payments in place of property taxes.

In addition to pointing out their generosity, most colleges also argue that forcing them to spend donation money on free tuition might even be illegal. Donors can restrict their tax-free gift to a legally-binding particular purpose, such as creating a chair, establishing a scholarship or building a new lab. Around 70% of donations are restricted funds.

If the wealthiest colleges have already spent so much on financial aid, what is the problem? Mr. Unz argues that endowment-fuelled spending on new buildings, sports facilities and the hiring of administrators has created an arms-race in higher education, pushing up prices at those universities that are not fortunate enough to have lots of generous benefactors. Harvard could cancel tuition payments without damaging its finances or touching the restricted portion of its endowment, he says. Furthermore, the abolition of both complicated financial-aid forms and terrifying sticker prices for tuition could, he argues, do much to encourage applicants from beyond the plutocracy(富豪阶级).

1.The underlined word in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by     .

A.founder B.donor C.defender D.innovator

2.According to the passage, Ralph Nader and Ron Unz hope that they can     .

A.help Harvard to enroll new students

B.learn about how Harvard spends its donations

C.make free education to all students at Harvard possible

D.negotiate with the Harvard's board of overseers about tuition fees

3.What can we infer from Kim Rueben's words in Paragraph 7?

A.The colleges are making full use of their donations.

B.Ordinary families cannot afford the increasing tuition fees.

C.More attention should be paid to students below the poverty line.

D.Property taxes on the colleges ought to be canceled permanently.

4.According to the last but one paragraph, most colleges hold the idea that     .

A.donors should keep a check on where their money goes

B.the financial aid they receive every year is far from enough

C.they shouldn't be forced to spend donation money on free tuition

D.most donations should be used to improve colleges' infrastructure

5.According to the last paragraph, Mr Unz thinks     .

A.the competition between universities is necessary

B.Harvard should offer help to those who lack money

C.financial-aid forms offered by universities should be simplified

D.arms-races in higher education may lead to higher tuition fees

6.What can be the best title for this passage?

A.Should Harvard's tuition fees be canceled?

B.How does Harvard make use of its donations?

C.What do Harvard and lawmakers disagree about?

D.Why does Harvard get more donations than other universities?

    Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just ''mental noise''-the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat(恒温器), regulating moods while the brain is ''off-line''. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, ''It's your dream'', says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center, ''If you don't like it, change it''.

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the ''emotional brain'') is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. ''We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day'', says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of ''we wake up in a panic'', Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

1.Researchers have come to believe that dreams__________.

A.reflect our innermost desires and fears B.are a random outcome of neural repairs

C.can be modified in their courses D.are vulnerable to emotional changes

2.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show __________.

A.its difference from the prefrontal cortex B.its function in our dreams

C.the mechanism of REM sleep D.the relation of dreams to emotions

3.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to __________.

A.emerge in dreams early at night B.develop into happy dreams

C.worsen in our unconscious mind D.persist till the time we fall asleep

4.Cartwright seems to suggest that __________.

A.dreams should be left to their natural progression

B.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious

C.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

D.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams